ATILIO BORÓN ANALIZA LAS ELECCIONES EN RUSIA SACANDONOS DEL BURDO ENGAÑO


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BOMBAS Y PAQUETES DE COMIDA SOBRE GAZA

BOMBAS Y PAQUETES DE COMIDA SOBRE GAZA
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SI OMITIERAMOS ESTOS HORROROSOS CRIMENES, PARTICIPARIAMOS EN ELLOS, "PARTICEPS CRIMIS"

"NOT FOUND"... ¡MENTIRA!...ES QUE NO QUEREIS QUE VEAMOS EL INFINITO DOLOR QUE ESTAIS CAUSANDO! ARRIBA, PINCHAR EN ESTO: pic.twitter.com/XGlL5BYLTt Y DESPUES: View

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GAZA: ARCOIRIS APAGADO: LA LUZ HAN ASESINADO

¿Quedará todo Impune y nunca más podrán los pájaros volar? "Facit indignation versum"

FREE WORLD TOUR AND COLLAGE

FREE WORLD TOUR AND COLLAGE
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EL GRAN INFANTICIDIO

EL GRAN INFANTICIDIO
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AL GRANO: THE "AMERICAN LEADERSHIP" TIENE QUE SER PARADO O "LOS DAÑOS COLATERALES" SERAN EL COLAPSO

AL GRANO: THE "AMERICAN LEADERSHIP" TIENE QUE SER PARADO O "LOS DAÑOS COLATERALES" SERAN EL COLAPSO
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LOS DAÑOS COLATERALES DE UNA GUERRA NUCLEAR SON LA HUMANIDAD


Fidel leyéndoselo a Michel Chossudovsky cuándo se entrevistaron en La Habana en el 2010

...¿SOMOS AUN CURABLES? NO, POR ESTO:

...¿SOMOS AUN CURABLES? NO, POR ESTO:
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¿DONDE EMPIEZA AUSCHWITZ? RESPUESTA: EN GAZA

¿DONDE EMPIEZA AUSCHWITZ? RESPUESTA: EN GAZA
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POR QUÉ ASESINÓ EL FRANQUISMO A LORCA

POR QUÉ ASESINÓ EL FRANQUISMO A LORCA
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"La situación del capitalismo hoy en día no es solamente una cuestión de crisis económica y política, sino UNA CATASTROFE DE LA ESENCIA HUMANA que condena, meramente, cada reforma económica y política a la futilidad e incondicionalmente DEMANDA UNA TOTAL REVOLUCION" Herbert Marcuse, 1932 (Acotado de: "Marx, Freud, and the Critique of Everyday Life", Bruce Brown; p. 14.) ¿Qué hubiese dicho hoy, 89 años después?

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¿HACIA LA IZQUIERDA O HACIA EL "SPREADING FREEDOM AROUND THE WORLD" DE LA DERECHA?




"UN SISTEMA ECONÓMICO CRUEL


AL QUE PRONTO HABRÁ

QUE CORTARLE EL CUELLO"

Federico García Lorca ('Poeta en Nueva York')

¡ QUÉ GRAN VERDAD !
PORQUE FUÉ ESE MISMO
SISTEMA ECONÓMICO CRUEL,
PRECISAMENTE,
¡ EL QUE LE CORTÓ EL CUELLO A ÉL !


Sunday, September 13, 2009

DICOTONOMIA MALDITA

                                                                   

Se puede ser de un lugar
cuando ya no se es?
Se puede ser lo que se es sin serlo?
Se puede ser quien se es
sin ser lo que se es?
Es esto el transcender?
Es esto, sin morir,
el ser y el no-ser?
Esta aqui la dialectica
de tesis,
antitesis
y sintesis?
O es una dicotonomia maldita
que corroe
la carne y los huesos
donde desarollarse
es siempre la misma grieta,
el mismo agujero,
lo que se obtiene y lo que se deja atras
siempre en conflicto eterno?
Decia Blas Otero que uno se siente frustado
cuando conoce otra cosa.
Radica aqui el 'pahos' del nomada?
O es una desorientacion metafisica
(una dicotinomia maldita)
que tenemos que acarrear toda la vida?

(En el vientre materno, antes de salir al mundo,
tambien somos nomadas:
recorremos todos los caminos desde el principio:
pez, anfibio, reptil, mamifero,
hasta aparecer bajo esta forma antropoide
desde la que hacemos estos escritos.
Quiere esto decir que ya nacemos
con esa dicotonomia maldita que sera nuestro destino:
la de ser de un lugar cuando ya no se es:
la de ser pez, anfibio, reptil, mamifero,
cuando, encima de todo ello,
tenemos que acarrear y soportar
un cortex cerebral,
en dicotonomia maldita,
que choca contra lo que hemos sido
y ya no somos porque la evolucion asi lo quiso?)

A MI PADRE


Nombre: no se lo pregunte.
Domicilio: en una caba~na, con una huerta, en las afueras de Villalba del Alcor, Huelva, Espan~a.
Edad: no se acuerda.
Vive: "tirando de la cuerda, mire usted...hasta que no pueda", me dijo.
Nombre del burro: Candido.

Despues se saco de una talega, pan, queso, chorizo, y una botella de vino. Y me invito. Y comimos. Y bebimos. Era un dia de Diciembre, por la man~ana, y hacia un poco de frio. Nos sentamos bajo un arbol.
Unos pajaros, a distancia, nos miraban sorprendidos.
Y prosiguio:

"La vida es una cuerda, larga, muy larga, llega desde la tierra al cielo, y del cielo vuelve a bajar a la tierra, y al nacer a todos nos condenan a tirar de ella. Tiramos hacia donde nos lleva, porque la que manda es ella. Tiramos llevandonos a cualqiera por delante. Tiramos hasta que un dia se parte. Y entonces cada cual tira por su lado. Asi hasta el final:  el muerto al hoyo y el vivo al bollo. Y como si nunca hubiesemos nacido"

Con una navaja milenaria cortaba con destreza el queso y el chorizo que se lo ponia en el pan, despues se empurraba la botella y parecia resucitar.

"Yo trabajo en estos campos desde que era nin~o, no he conocido otra cosa, y ya soy viejo, sin mujer, sin hijos. La mujer ...se fue, no se donde esta; los hijos...se fueron a sus nidos. A fin de cuentas, todo en esta vida termina yendose, desapareciendo, hasta la cuerda que remolcamos, cuando se rompa un dia, desaparecera. Asi que es normal."

Quedo callado.
Masticaba despacio, como si triturara algo sagrado.
Sus ojos cobraron unas nostalias de ermitan~o abandonado.

"Sabe usted por que tenemos que tirar de la cuerda?"

Hubo un silencio. Yo no queria intervenir. Trago lo que tenia en la boca. Se dio cuenta de que yo no diria nada.

"Porque la vida es un estomago, un estomago que tenemos que llenar.  Llenar es tirar. Se da cuenta ahora de lo que quiero decir?". Y el estomago es individual; yo no puedo comer por usted, yo no puedo cagar por usted. Nacemos solos y morimos solos, lo demas son cuentos. Y la cuerda de la que tiramos se llama soledad, la conoce usted?"

Lo mire. No supe que decirle.

"No se preocupe. No tiene por que responder. Todos la conocemos, claro, pero nadie la quiere ver. Yo, siempre en estos campos, dias, noches, an~os, la he tratado mucho, y quiere que le diga una cosa: siempre me fue fiel, nunca se aparto de mi lado ni con nadie me traiciono. Es lo unico en la vida que nunca, ni me ha mentido ni me ha tratado mal, y, ademas, quiere que le diga una cosa?, siempre supo aconsejarme bien sobre lo que debia hacer. Asi que nada le tengo que reprochar, nada, esa es la verdad, y a pesar de que tengo que jalar de ella a todas horas, si quiere que le diga una cosa: ya no podria soportar la vida sin ella."

Candido pastaba cerca. Era un burro grande, blanco, sus ojos miraban como desde un ignoto espacio.
Aquel extran~o hombre hizo una pausa intencional.
Yo comia. No queria intervenir en la conversacion. Ademas, solo estaba alli porque lo queria escuchar.
La comida estaba riquisa. El vino delicioso. Y el campo, de postre, ofrecia su espiritu de oro.

"Si, la soledad es la unica que siempre nos es fiel. Y sabe usted donde esta? Pues en el extremo de la cuerda de donde tenemos que tirar. Siempre esta alli. Por mas vuelta que demos, por mas tretas que montemos, por mucho que nos engan~emos...es inutil...siempre esta alli, siempre tenemos que apechugar con ella".

Habia en el campo un silencio crepuscular. El cielo y la tierra se conjuntaban sin orillas como un mar testigo de lo que bajo aquel arbol podia pasar. Candido enpezo a rebuznar.

"Eso es lo que me gusta de los animales: que de la cuerda nunca tienen que tirar. Candido, burro viejo ya, aunque usted no lo crea, ha sido y es mi maestro. Yo he aprendido mucho de el, aunque le parezca una tonteria. Los animales tienen la cabeza que necesitan, ni mas ni menos, ni menos ni mas; tienen lo justo, lo necesario, por eso, este, no conoce la soledad, porque solo sabe rebuznar: por eso podemos aprender de ellos...aunque quiere que le diga una cosa...?"

Bajo su voz y se acerco lo que pudo hacia a mi oido

"No aprendemos de ellos porque somos mas burros que ellos"

Y solto una risa que espanto a los pajaros que nos miraban sorprendidos.  Recogio sus cosas, se monto en su burro, y una vez arriba de el, levanto una mano sen~alandome hacia algun lugar, y como si quisiera iluminarme un camino por el que yo tendria que pasar, alzo su voz:

"Alli, alli tiene usted su casa!
Si algun dia quiere ir a visitarme le ensen~are como hay que tirar de la cuerda de la que le hable!".

Y se alejo como habia llegado.
Y yo me quede pensando.

EL IV REICH, IV : LOS VOTOS DEL "AMERICAN DREAM" VERSUS LAS ESPERANZAS HUMANAS EN LA O.N.U.

     




"U.S. IMPERIALISM COULD, IN SUBSTANCE, REALIZE EVERYTHING SOUGHT BY HITLER WITHOUT NEEDING TO BREAK WITH DEMOCRACY FORMALLY"


George Lukacs











EL IV REICH, IV:
LOS VOTOS DEL "AMERICAN DREAM"
VERSUS LAS ESPERANZAS HUMANAS.
EN LA O.N.U.


Date           Resolution Num.        Yes-No Vote

1978
Dec. 15             33/75                        119-2 (US, Israel)
Urges the Security Council, especially its permanent members, to take all necessary measures for insuring UN decisions on the maintenance of international peace and security

Dec. 18             33/110                     110-2 (US, Israel)
Living conditions of the Palestinian people


Dec. 18             33/113C                   97-3 (US, Israel, Guatemala)
Condemnation of Israeli human rights record in occupied territories

Dec. 19             33/136                      119-1 (US)
Calls upon developed countries to increase quantity and quality of development assistance to underdeveloped countries


1979
Jan. 24               33/183M                  114-3 (US, France, UK)
To end all military and nuclear collaboration with apartheid South
Africa

Jan. 29               33/196                      111-1 (US)
Protectionism of developing countries' exports


Nov. 23             34/46                         136-1 (US)
Alternate approaches within the UN system for improving the
enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms


Nov. 23             34/52E                      121-3 (US, Israel, Australia)
Return of inhabitants expelled by Israel

Dec. 11              34/83J                      120-3 (US, UK, France)
Negotiations on disarmament and cessation of nuclear arms race

Dec. 12             34/931                       134-3 (US, UK, France)
Assistance to the oppressed people of South Africa and their libera­tion movement

Dec. 14             34/100                       104-2 (US, Israel)
Against support for intervention in the internal or external affairs of states


Dec. 14             34/133                      112-3 (US, Israel, Canada)Assistance to Palestinian people

Dec. 14             34/136                      118-2 (US, Israel)
Sovereignty over national resources in occupied Arab territories


Dec. 17             34/158                       121-2 (US, Israel)
Prepare and carry out the UN Conference on Women


Dec. 19             34/199                       112-1 (US)
Safeguarding rights of developing countries in multinational trade negotiations

1980
Dec. 5               35/57                         134-1 (US)
Establishment of a New International Economic Order to promote
the growth of underdeveloped countries and international economic co­operation

Dec. 11              35/119                      134-3 (US, UK, France)
Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples


Dec. 12               35/145A                  111-2 (US, UK)
CESAR TODAS LAS EXPLOSIONES NUCLEARES


Dec. 12             35/154                       110-2 (US, Albania)
Declaration of non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear states


Dec. 15              35/174                      120-1 (US)
Emphasizing that the development of nations and individuals is a
human right

Dec. 16               35/206J                    137-3 (US, UK, France)
Assistance to oppressed people of South Africa and their national lib­eration movement


1981
Nov. 9               36/18                         123-1 (US)
To promote co-operative movements in developing countries (agri­cultural, savings and credits, housing, consumer protection, social services, etc.)

*****************************************************
Nov. 9               36/19                         126-1 (US)
The right of every state to choose its economic and social system in accord with the will of its people, without outside interference in whatever form it takes

******************************************************
Nov. 13             36/27                         109-2 (US, Israel)
Condemns Israel for its bombing of an Iraqi nuclear installation

Dec. 1               36/68                         133-3 (US, UK, Guatemala)
Condemns activities of foreign economic interests in colonial territo­ries


Dec. 9               36/84                         118-2 (US, UK)
Cessation of all test explosions of nuclear weapons


Dec. 9               36/87B                       107-2 (US, Israel)
Establishment of a nuclear-weapon free zone in the Middle East


Dec. 9               36/92J                        78-3 (US, Canada, Brazil)
World-wide action for collecting signatures in support of measures to prevent nuclear war, curb the arms race and promote disarmament

************************************************
Dec. 9               36/96B                      109-1(US)
Urges negotiations on prohibition of chemical and biological weapons

************************************************
Dec. 9               36/98                         101-2 (US, Israel)
Demands Israelis renounce possession of nuclear weapons


***********************************************

Dec. 14             36/133                       135-1 (US)
Declares that education, work, health care, proper nourishment, national development, etc. are human rights


****************************************

Dec. 16             36/149B                     147-2 (US, Israel)
Calls for the establishment of a new and more just world information


1982
Oct. 28              37/7                           111-1 (US)
World Charter for protection of the Ecology

***************************************
Dec. 9                37/83                         138-1 (US)
Prevention of arms race in outer space


***************************************


Dec. 10               37/94B                      131-1 (US)
Support of UNESCO's efforts to promote a new world information and communications order


Dec. 13              37/98A                      95-1 (US)
Necessity of a convention on the prohibition of chemical and bacte­riological weapons


Dec. 16              37/103                       113-1 (US)  !!!!!!!
Development of the principles and norms of international law relating to the new economic order

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Dec. 18              37/199                      131-1 (US)
Declares that education, work,health care, proper nourishment, national development, etc., are human rights

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Food is not a human right
As noted above, in 1982 and 1983, the US was alone in voting against a declaration that education, work, health care, proper nour­ishment and national development are human rights.
It would appear that even 13 years later, official American attitudes had not "soft­ened".
In 1996, at a United Nations-sponsored World Food Summit, the US took issue with an affirmation by the summit of the "right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food". The United States insisted that it does not recognize a "right to food". Washington instead championed free trade as the key to ending the poverty at the root of hunger, and expressed fears that recognition of a "right to food" could lead to lawsuits from poor nations seeking aid and special trade provisions.


Para cerrar estas lineas nos viene a la memoria el discurso de Ernesto Che Guevara, en 1964, en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. Recordando sus palabras sera la mejor manera de llegar a este final:
"Los Estados Unidos se han convertido en el enemigo de la humanidad".
Segun sus votos en las Naciones Unidas es la verdad

EL IV REICH, III: ASESINATOS DEL "AMERICAN DREAM"

 




"U.S. IMPERIALISM COULD, IN SUBSTANCE, REALIZE EVERYTHING SOUGHT BY HITLER WITHOUT NEEDING TO BREAK WITH DEMOCRACY FORMALLY"


George Lukacs










EL IV REICH, III:

ASESINATOS DEL "AMERICAN DREAM"

U.S. Government Assassination Plots


On June 26, 1993, the United States carried out a bombing attack on Iraq in retal­iation for an alleged Iraqi plot to assassinate former president George Bush. The attack, said President Clinton, "was essential to send a message to those who engage in state-sponsored terrorism ... and to affirm the expectation of civilized behavior among nations."


Following is a list of prominent foreign individuals whose assassination (or plan­ning for same) the United States has been involved in since the end of the Second World War. The list does not include several assassinations in various parts of the world carried out by anti-Castro Cubans employed by the CIA and headquartered in the United States.






1949 -


Kim Koo, Korean opposition leader


1950s -


CIA/Neo-Nazi hit list of more than 200 political figures in West


Germany to be "put out of the way" in the event of a Soviet invasion 1950s - Zhou Enlai, Prime minister of China, several attempts on his life 1950s, 1962 - Sukarno, President of Indonesia 1951 -


Kim II Sung, Premier of North Korea


1953 -


Mohammed Mossadegh, Prime Minister of Iran


1950s (mid)


Claro M. Recto, Philippines opposition leader


1955 -


Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India


1957 -


Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt


1959/63/69 -


Norodom Sihanouk, leader of Cambodia


1960 -


Brig. Gen. Abdul Karim Kassem, leader of Iraq


1950s-70s -


Jose Figueres, President of Costa Rica, two attempts on his life


1961 -


Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier, leader of Haiti


1961 -


Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Congo


1961 -


Gen. Rafael Trujillo, leader of Dominican Republic


1963 -


Ngo Dinh Diem, President of South Vietnam


1960s-90s -


Fidel Castro, President of Cuba, many attempts and plots on his life


1960s -


Raul Castro, high official in government of Cuba


1965 -


Francisco Caamafio, Dominican Republic opposition leader


1965-6 -


Charles de Gaulle, President of France


1967 -


Che Guevara, Cuban leader


1970 -


Gen. Rene Schneider, Commander-in-Chief of Army, Chile


1970 -


Salvador Allende, President of Chile


1970s, 1981 -


General Omar Torrijos, leader of Panama


1972 -


General Manuel Noriega, Chief of Panama Intelligence


1975 -


Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire


1976 -


Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica


1980-1986 -

 Moammar Qaddafi, leader of Libya, several plots and attempts upon his life


1982 -


Ayatollah Khomeini, leader of Iran


1983


Gen. Ahmed Dlimi, Moroccan Army commander


1983 -


Miguel D'Escoto, Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores de Nicaragua


1984 -


The nine comandantes of the National Directorate of Nicaragua


1985 -


Sheikh Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah, Lebanese Shiite leader


1991 -


Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq


1998, 2001-2 -


Osama bin Laden, leading Islamic militant 1999 - Slobodan Milosevic, President of Yugoslavia


2002 -


Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Afghan Islamic leader, warlord, former US ally


2003 -


Saddam Hussein and family members

EL IV REICH, II: LOS ASALTOS DEL "AMERICAN DREAM" CONTRA LOS SUEN~OS AJENOS






"U.S. IMPERIALISM COULD, IN SUBSTANCE, REALIZE EVERYTHING SOUGHT BY HITLER WITHOUT NEEDING TO BREAK WITH DEMOCRACY FORMALLY"



George Lukacs



                                                                                   


EL IV REICH, II:
HISTORIA DE LOS ASALTOS
DEL "MERICAN DREAM"
CONTRA LOS SUEN~OS AJENOS

Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-1945


(Prepared by Foreign Affairs Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1975, revision of 1969 version.)










1798-1800


Undeclared naval war with France: This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic, city of Puerto Plata, where marines captured a French privateer under the guns of the forts.


1801-05


Tripoli: The First Barbary War, including the George Washington and Philadelphia affairs and the Eaton expedition, during which a few marines landed with United States agent William Eaton to raise a force against Tripoli in an effort to free the crew of the Philadelphia. Tripoli declared war but not the United States.


1806


Mexico (Spanish territory): Capt. Z.M. Pike, with a platoon of troops, invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the Rio Grande deliberately and on orders from Gen. James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present day Colorado, taken to Mexico, later released after seizure of his papers. There was a political purpose, still a mystery.


1806-10


Gulf of Mexico: American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French pri­vateers, such as La Fitte, off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Capt. John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter.


1810


West Florida (Spanish territory): Gov. Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of the President, occupied with troops territory in dispute east of Mississippi as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern bound­ary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River. No armed clash.


1812


Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain: Temporary possession was authorized by President Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but posses­sion was obtained by Gen. George Matthews in so irregular a manner that his measures were dis­avowed by the President.


1812-15


Great Britain: War of 1812. Formally declared.


1813


West Florida (Spanish territory): On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. advanced into disput­ed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting.


1813-14


Marquesas Islands: Built a fort on island of Nukahiva to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British.


1814


Spanish Florida: Gen. Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out the British with whom the United States was at war.


1814-25


Caribbean: Engagements between pirates and American ships or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatan. Three thou­sand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823


In 1822 Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West Indies.


1815


Algiers: The second Barbary War, declared by the opponents but not by the United States. Congress authorized an expedition. A large fleet under Decatur attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities.


1815


Tripoli: After securing an agreement from Algiers, Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812.


1816


Spanish Florida: United States forces destroyed Nicholls Fort, called also Negro Fort, which harbored raiders into United States territory.


1816-18


Spanish Florida - First Seminole War: The Seminole Indians, whose area was a resort for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under Generals Jackson and Gaines and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens executed. There was no declaration or congressional authorization but the Executive was sustained.


1817


Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida): Under orders of President Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters.


1818


Oregon: The U.S.S. Ontario, dispatched from Washington, landed at the Columbia River and in August took possession. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area.


1820-23


Africa: Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress.


- Cuba: United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the north-west coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station.


- Cuba: Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca.


- Cuba: In October the U.S.S. Porpoise landed bluejackets near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized in 1822.


1824


Puerto Rico (Spanish territory): Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted American naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology.


1825


Cuba: In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates.


1827


Greece: In October and November landing parties hunted pirates on the islands of Argenteire, Miconi, and Andross.


1831-32


Falkland Islands: To investigate the capture of three American sealing vessels and to protect American interests.


- Sumatra : February 6 to 9: To punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for depredations on American shipping.


- Argentina: October 31 to November 15: A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection.


1835-36


Peru: December 10, 1835 to January 24, 1836 and August 31 to December 7, 1836: Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution.


1836


Mexico: General Gaines occupied Nacogdoches (Tex.), disputed territory from July to December during the Texan war for independence, under orders to cross the "imaginary boundary line" if an Indian outbreak threatened.


1838-39


Sumatra - December 24, 1838 to January 4, 1839: To punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping.


- Fiji Islands - July: To punish natives for attacking American exploring and surveying parties.


- Drummond Island, Kingsmill Group: To avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives.


- Samoa - February 24: To avenge the murder of an American seaman on Upolu Island.


- Mexico: Commodore T.A.C. Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied Monterey, Calif., on October 19, believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego.


1843


China: Sailors and marines from the St. Louis were landed alter a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post of Canton.


1843


Africa - November 29 to December 16: Four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory coast, etc., and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping.


1844


Mexico: President Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation. (Later rejected.) He defended his action against a Senate resolu­tion of inquiry.


1846-48


Mexico, the Mexican War: President Folk's occupation of disputed territory precipitated it. War formally declared.


1849


Smyrna: In July a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials.


1851


Turkey: After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levant) coast. Apparently no shots fired.


1851


Johanna Island (east of Africa), August: To exact redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the cap­tain of an American whaling brig.


1852-53


Argentina - February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852 to April 1853: Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution.


1853


Nicaragua - March 11 to 13: To protect American lives and interests during political disturbances.


1853-54


Japan: The "opening of Japan" and the Perry Expedition.


1853-54


Ryukyu and Bonin Islands: Commodore Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa. He also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands. All to secure facilities for commerce.


1854


China - April 4 to June 15 or 17: To protect American interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife.


- Nicaragua - July 9 to 15; San Juan del Norte (Greytown) was destroyed to avenge an insult to the American Minister to Nicaragua.


China - May 19 to 21 (?): To protect American interests in Shanghai. August 3 to 5 to fight pirates near Hong Kong.


1855


Fiji Islands - September 12 to November 4: To seek reparations for depredations on Americans.


- Uruguay - November 25 to 29 or 30: United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo.


- Panama, Republic of New Grenada - September 19 to 22: To protect American interests during an insurrection.


1856


China - October 22 to December 6: To protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese; and to avenge an unprovoked assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag.


1857


Nicaragua - April to May, November to December: To oppose William Walker's attempt to get control of the country. In May Commander C.H. Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received Walker's surrender and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels Saratoga, Wabash, and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement.


1858


Uruguay - January 2 to 27: Forces from two United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in Montevideo.


1858


Fiji Islands - October 6 to 16: To chastise the natives for the murder of two American citizens.


1858-59


Turkey: Display of naval force along the Levant at the request of the Secretary of State after mas­sacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of Turkey) ... of the power of the United States."


1859


Paraguay: Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the Parana River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force.


1859


Mexico: Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican bandit Cortina.


1859


China - July 31 to August 2: For the protection of American interests in Shanghai.


1860


Angola, Portuguese West Africa - March 1: To protect American lives and property at Kissembo when the natives became troublesome.


1860


Colombia, Bay of Panama - September 27 to October 8: To protect American interests during a revo­lution.


1863


Japan - July 16: To redress an insult to the American flag - firing on an American vessel - at Shimonoseki.


1864


Japan - July 14 to August 3, approximately: To protect the United States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotia­tions easier by impressing the Japanese with American power.


- Japan - September 4 to 14 - Straits of Shimonoseki: To compel Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed.


- Panama - March 9 and 10: To protect the lives and property of American residents during a revolution.


1866


Mexico: To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoras. After 3 days he was ordered by U.S. Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by the President.


- China - June 20 to July 7: To punish an assault on the American consul at Newchwang; July 14, for consultation with authorities on shore; August 9, at Shanghai, to help extinguish a serious fire in the city.


1867


Nicaragua: Marines occupied Managua and Leon.


-Island of Formosa - June 13: To punish a horde of savages who were supposed to have murdered the crew of a wrecked American vessel.


1868


Japan (Osaka, Hiogo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata) - Mainly, February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13: To protect American interests during the civil war in Japan over the abolition of the Shogunate and the restoration of the Mikado.


1868


Uruguay - February 7 and 8, 19 to 26: To protect foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo.


1868


Colombia - April 7 - at Aspinwall: To protect passengers and treasure in transit during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of the President of Colombia.


1870


Mexico, June 17 and 18: To destroy the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Rio Tecapan.


1870


Hawaiian Islands - September 21: To place the American flag at half mast upon the death of Queen Kalama, when the American consul at Honolulu would not assume responsibility for so doing.


1871


Korea - June 10 to 12: To punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for murdering the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner, and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River.


1873


Colombia (Bay of Panama) - May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9: To protect American interests during hostilities over possession of the government of the State of Panama.


- Mexico: United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle and other thieves. There were some reciprocal pursuits by Mexican troops into border territory. The cases were only technically invasions, if that, although Mexico protested constantly. Notable cases were at Remolina in May 1873 and at Las Cuevas in 1875. Washington orders often supported these excur­sions. Agreements between Mexico and the United States, the first in 1882, finally legitimized such raids. They continued intermittently, with minor disputes, until 1896.


- Hawaiian Islands - February 12 to 20: To preserve order and protect American lives and interests during the coronation of a new king.


1876


Mexico - May 18: To police the town of Matamoras temporarily while it was without other govern­ment.


1882


Egypt - July 14 to 18: To protect American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs.


1885


Panama (Colon) - January 18 and 19: To guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March. April, and May in the cities of Colon and Panama, to re-establish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity.


1888


Korea - June: To protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected.


1888


Haiti - December 20: To persuade the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade.


1888-89


Samoa - November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889: To protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war.


- Hawaiian Islands - July 30 and 31: To protect American interests at Honolulu during a revolution.


- Argentina: A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and legation in Buenos Aires.


- Haiti: To protect American lives and property on Navassa Island.


1891


Bering Sea - July 2 to October 5: To stop seal poaching.


- Chile - August 28 to 30: To protect the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaiso.


1893


Hawaii - January 16 to April 1: Ostensibly to protect American lives and property; actually to promote a provisional government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by the United States.


1894


Brazil - January: To protect American commerce and shipping at Rio de Janeiro during a Brazilian civil war. No landing was attempted but there was a display of naval force.


1894


Nicaragua - July 6 to August 7: To protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution.


1894-95


China: Marines were stationed at Tientsin and penetrated to Peking for protection purposes dur- j ing the Sino-Japanese War.


- China: Naval vessel beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nation­als.


1894-96


Korea - July 24, 1894 to April 3, 1896: To protect American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the S_ino-Japanese War. A guard of marines was kept at the American legation most of the time until April 1896.


1895


Colombia - March 8 to 9: To protect American interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain.


1896


Nicaragua - May 2 to 4: To protect American interests in Corinto during political unrest.


1898


Nicaragua - February 7 and 8: To protect American lives and property at San Juan del Sur.


1898


Spain: The Spanish-American War. Fully declared.


1898-99


China - November 5, 1898, to March 15, 1899: To provide a guard for the legation at Peking and the consulate at Tientsin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son.


1899


Nicaragua: To protect American interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes.


- Samoa - March 13 to May 15: To protect American interests and to take part in a bloody contention over the succession to the throne.


1899-1901


Philippine Islands: To protect American interests following the war with Spain, and to conquer the islands by defeating the Filipinos in their war for independence.


1900


China - May 24 to September 28: To protect foreign lives during the Boxer rising, particularly at Peking. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Peking,


and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened. It was still there in 1934.


- Colombia (State of Panama) - November 20 to December 4: To protect American property on the Isthmus and to keep transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances.


- Colombia - April 16 to 23: To protect American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war.


- Colombia (State of Panama) - September 17 to November 18: To place armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus and to keep the railroad line open.


- Honduras - March 23 to 30 or 31: To protect the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortez during a period of revolutionary activity.


1903


Dominican Republic - March 30 to April 21: To protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak.


-Syria - September 7 to 12: To protect the American consulate in Beirut when a local Moslem uprising was feared.


1903-04


Abyssinia: Twenty-five marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the U.S. Consul General while he negotiated a treaty.


1903-14


Panama: To protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for indepen­dence from Colombia over the construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903 to January 21,1914, to guard American interests.


1904


Dominican Republic - January 2 to February 11: To protect American interests in Puerto Plata and Sosua and Santo Domingo City during revolutionary fighting.


- Tangier, Morocco: "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisula dead." Demonstration by a squadron to force release of a kidnapped American Marine guard landed to protect consul general.


- Panama - November 17 to 24: To protect American lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection.


1904-05


Korea - January 5, 1904 to November 11, 1905: To guard the American Legation in Seoul. 1904-05 - Korea: Marine guard sent to Seoul for protection during Russo-Japanese War.


1906-09


Cuba - September 1906 to January 23, 1909: Intervention to restore order, protect foreigners, and establish a stable government after serious revolutionary activity.


1907


Honduras - March 18 to June 8: To protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua; troops were stationed for a few days or weeks in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortez, San Pedro, Laguna and Choloma.


1910


Nicaragua - February 22: During a civil war, to get information of conditions at Corinto; May 19 to September 4, to protect American interests at Bluefields.


1911


Honduras - January 26 and some weeks thereafter: To protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras.


- China: Approaching stages of the nationalist revolution. An ensign and 10 men in October tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away. A small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankow in October. A marine guard was established in November over the cable stations at Shanghai. Landing forces were sent for protection in Nanking, Chinkiang, Taku and elsewhere.


1912


Honduras: Small force landed to prevent seizure by the Government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortez. Forces withdrawn after the United States disapproved of the action.


- Panama: Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Canal Zone. 1912 - Cuba - June 5 to August 5: To protect American interests on the Province of Oriente, and in Habana.


- China - August 24 to 26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26 to 30 at Camp Nicholson: To protect Americans and American interests during revolution activity.


- Turkey - November 18 to December 3: To guard the American legation at Constantinople during a Balkan War.


1912-25


Nicaragua - August to November 1912: To protect American interests during an attempted revo­lution. A small force serving as a legation guard and as a promoter of peace and governmental stabil­ity, remained until August 5, 1925.


1912-21


China: The disorders which began with the Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan and finally ended by war between Japan and the United States in 1941, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China continu­ously and at many points from 1912 to 1941. The guard at Peking and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 U.S. had 3,027 armed men ashore. All this protective action was in general terms based on treaties with China ranging from 1858 to 1901.


1913


Mexico - September 5 to 7: A few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by civil strife.


1914


Haiti - January 29 to February 9, February 20 to 21, October 19: To protect American nationals in a time of dangerous unrest.


- Dominican Republic - June and July: During a revolutionary movement, United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo City as a neutral zone.


1914-17


Mexico: The undeclared Mexican-American hostilities following the Dolphin affair and Villa's raids included capture of Vera Cruz and later Pershing's expedition into northern Mexico.


1915-34


Haiti - July 28, 1915 to August 15, 1934: To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.


1916


China: American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanking.


1916-24


Dominican Republic - May 1916 to September 1924: To maintain order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection.


1917


China: American troops were landed at Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis.


1917-18


World War I. Fully declared.


1917-22


Cuba: To protect American interests during an insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922.


1918-19


Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, our troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six in 1919. In August 1918 American and Mexican troops fought at Nogales.


1918-20


Panama: For police duty according to treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest.


1918-20


Soviet Russia: Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Bolsheviki troops and the Czech Army which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency gov­ernment and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech comman­ders in July and our party remained until late August. In August the project expanded. Then 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force.


In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at Archangel, suffered 500 casualties and remained until June 1919. A handful of marines took part earlier in a British landing on the Murman coast (near Norway) but only incidentally. All these operations were to offset effects of the Bolsheviki revolution in Russia and were partly sup­ported by Czarist or Kerensky elements. No war was declared. Bolsheviki elements participated at times with us but Soviet Russia still claims damages.


1919


Dalmatia: U.S. Forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs.


- Turkey: Marines from the U.S.S. Arizona were landed to guard the U.S. Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople.


- Honduras - September 8 to 12: A landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution.


1920


China - March 14: A landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang.


- Guatemala - April 9 to 27: To protect the American Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala.


1920-22


Russia (Siberia) - February 16, 1920 to November 19, 1922: A marine guard to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.


- Panama-Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute.


- Turkey - September and October: A landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered


Smyrna.


1922-23


China: Between April 1922 and November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.


1924


Honduras - February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15: To protect American lives and interests during election hostilities.


- China - September: Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.


1925


China - January 15 to August 29: Fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai necessitated landing American forces to protect lives and property in the International Settlement.


- Honduras - April 19 to 21: To protect foreigners at La Ceiba during a political upheaval.


- Panama - October 12 to 23: Strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American interests.


1926


China - August and September: The Nationalist attack on Hankow necessitated the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate


general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Nationalist forces captured Kiukiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6.


1926-33


Nicaragua - May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926 to January 3, 1933: The coup d'etat of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went, but seem not to have left the country entirely until January 3, 1933. Their work included activity against the outlaw leader Sandino in 1928.


1927


China - February: Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces and marines to be increased there. In March a naval guard was stationed at the American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. "Following this incident additional forces of marines and naval vessels were ordered to China and stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin."


1932


China: American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.


1933


Cuba: During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made.


1934


China: Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate.


1940


Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, and British Guiana: Troops were sent to guard air and naval bases obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes called lend-lease bases.


1941


Greenland: Taken under protection of the United States in April.


- Netherlands (Dutch Guiana): In November the President ordered American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect alu­minum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Suriname.


- Iceland: Taken under the protection of the United States, with consent of its Government, for strate­gic reasons.


- Germany: Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July U.S. warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. There was no authorization of Congress or declaration of war. In November, the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect military aid to Britain, Russia, etc.


1941-45


Germany, Italy, Japan, etc: World War II. Fully declared.






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Asi llegamos a la Segunda Guerra Mundial que los barones del Imperio la terminaron de la consabida manera de lanzar sus dos famosos bombazos nucleares sobre poblaciones urbanas indefensas.


Una excelente manera etica y moral de proclamarse vencedores.


Despues de este cataclismo vendrian muchisimas mas intervenciones, cambiando gobiernos, destrozando las ilusiones de los pueblos. Las naciones Iberoamericanas: El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Brasil, Chile...y afuera de este continente, Corea, Vietnam, Laos, Camboya, Indonesia, el Congo...y un largo etc. que nos lleva a preguntarnos:


Donde no han "intervenido"?


Donde no han matado Las Esperanzas Humanas?



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